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自7日起,美国加利福尼亚州洛杉矶多地连续突发山火,火势不断蔓延失控。据媒体报道,截至10日过火面积超过37000英亩(约150平方公里),至少11人死亡,超过18万人撤离,超过1万栋建筑损毁,已造成数十亿美元损失。
According to the latest data from the California Fire Department, the wildfires have claimed the lives of at least 11 individuals and have scorched over 37,000 acres. The fires, which first ignited on Tuesday, have obliterated more than 12,000 structures and have forced tens of thousands of Californians to evacuate. obliterated /əˈblɪtəreɪtɪd/ 摧毁 evacuate / ɪˈvækjueɪt / (把人从危险的地方)疏散,撤离
此次山火缘何而起?又为何失控?种种原因为人们敲响警钟。
多重自然条件“火上浇油”
加州南部呈多点燃烧状态,6处大火已肆虐多日。美国航天局卫星7日拍摄的图片显示,白色浓烟从洛杉矶县山火处升起,沿西南方向蔓延,延伸到太平洋上空。从美国媒体公布的图片看,东部伊顿地区和西部沿海的帕西菲克帕利塞兹地区两处大火从东西两侧夹击洛杉矶县。
1月7日,一名警察在美国加利福尼亚州南部洛杉矶县沿海社区帕西菲克帕利塞兹的野火旁工作 图源:新华社 邱晨 摄
美国国家气象局说,强烈的季风“圣安娜风”和降雨不足在南加州造成了“危急”的火灾天气条件。“圣安娜风”通常发生在10月到来年1月之间,干燥的阵风沿着内陆山脉的一侧流下,穿过狭窄的山地峡谷,向海岸方向吹去,而加州东部的内华达山脉阻挡暖湿气流,导致来自内陆的风翻过山麓后变成又热又干的“焚风”。美国航天局说,今年的“圣安娜风”时速超过100英里(约160公里)。
"The very dry vegetation combined with the prolonged extreme fire weather conditions will support rapid spread and erratic behavior of any new or existing fires," the weather service said on Saturday. The strength of the wind is what helps to spread fires rapidly. Speeds of 60 to 80mph (95-130km/h) are common, but gusts of up to 100mph (160km/h) can occur during the worst Santa Ana events.
1月10日在美国加利福尼亚州洛杉矶县阿尔塔迪纳地区拍摄的遭到山火破坏的车辆 图源:新华社 邱晨 摄
美国总统拜登10日表示,阻止加利福尼亚州山火进一步蔓延取得了一定进展,但仍有“很长的路要走”。
酷热和干旱也导致这次山火愈演愈烈。加州山火每年都有发生,通常从6月或7月开始,可延续至10月。洛杉矶地区冬季第一场雨会在11月到来,能为大部分夏季处于休眠状态的植物提供水分,阻碍“圣安娜风”引发大规模野火的能力。
然而,2024年洛杉矶经历了创纪录的夏季高温和酷热,10月以来的降雨量只有正常降雨量的4%左右,迎来了正常的“圣安娜风”却没有降雨,因此火灾季从10月一直延长至1月。
While rain has been plentiful in the northern part of the state, Southern California has been bone dry, with only 0.03 of an inch of rain falling at LAX in the last three months of 2024.
英国斯旺西大学山火研究中心主任斯特凡·德尔说,引发野火的关键因素是相对湿度低、强风和干旱。温暖的条件会导致相对湿度降低,低湿度加上强风会从已经干燥的植被中“吸走”更多水分,并增加其可燃性。一旦着火,强风会助长火势,而在陡峭的地形中火势燃烧得更猛烈、移动得更快,此外加州地区植被以易燃灌木为主,使得火灾情况变得更糟。
"While fires are common and natural in this region, California has seen some of the most significant increases in the length and extremity of the fire weather season globally in recent decades, driven largely climate change," said Professor Stefan Doerr, Director of the Centre for Wildfire Research, at Swansea University.
应急管理能力有待加强
多个消防栓没有水,是这次加州山火救援部门遇到的普遍问题。美国当地媒体评价:社区、居民房屋和企业建筑都在燃烧,但消防员无能为力。
As wildfires raged across Los Angeles, crews battling the Palisades blaze faced an additional burden: Scores of fire hydrants in Pacific Palisades had little to no water flowing out.
据《洛杉矶时报》等媒体报道,消防员在扑救帕西菲克帕利塞兹的野火时,将水管插入当地的消防栓却发现没水。洛杉矶水电局首席执行官兼总工程师珍妮丝·基诺内斯表示,帕西菲克帕利塞兹的用水需求连续15小时达到正常水平的4倍,导致水压下降,市政供水系统并非为如此大规模火灾设计。
By 3 am Wednesday, all water storage tanks in the Palisades area "went dry," diminishing the flow of water from hydrants in higher elevations, said Janisse Quiñones, chief executive and chief engineer of the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power, the city's utility. "We had a tremendous demand on our system in the Palisades. We pushed the system to the extreme," Quiñones said Wednesday morning. "Four times the normal demand was seen for 15 hours straight, which lowered our water pressure."
图源:央视新闻
据一些媒体的分析,由于消防用水量大,无法足够快地装满水箱,水的消耗速度快于工作人员供水的速度,导致消防栓缺水。
洛杉矶县议员特蕾茜·帕克认为,消防人员不应该面对消防栓无水的问题,洛杉矶在基础设施方面的投资长期不足。
Traci Park, the Los Angeles City Council member whose district includes Pacific Palisades, said the city’s water systems were among several pieces of critically underfunded infrastructure.
拜登9日在一场白宫新闻发布会上说,洛杉矶一些地区的电力公司切断电源,以防止输电线着火引发爆炸和更多的火灾。美国《纽约邮报》报道,这也中断了为消防栓泵水的电力。
US President Joe Biden said the problem lay not with a shortage of water but with power cuts that took water pumps offline. During wildfires, utility companies can cut electricity amid fears that faulty power lines could spark more fires.
美国珀杜大学工程学教授安德鲁·惠尔顿说,除了消防用水的供应外,大规模的城市火灾还可能毁坏管道,导致管道泄漏大量的水,加剧缺水情况。
极端天气频发风险上升
独立气候研究机构“气候总站”近期一份研究报告显示,自20世纪70年代初以来,南加州的火灾天数显著增加。研究发现,美国西部的风助长的野火每年移动速度更快,过火面积更大,部分原因是植被越来越干燥。
英国廷德尔气候变化研究中心高级研究助理马修·琼斯接受媒体采访时说,虽然需要一段时间才能确定气候变化在导致当前野火方面所起的作用,但“非常肯定”气候变化导致美国西部出现炎热、干燥、易发生火灾的极端天气的风险增加,而且在气候变化影响下,在通常的夏季火灾季节之外,易发生火灾的天气条件正变得越来越常见。
"While it will take some time to determine precisely the role of climate change in driving the current wildfires," said Dr Matthew Jones, a leading expert at the University of East Anglia's Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, "we can say with high confidence that climate change is causing increased risk of hot, dry, fire-prone extremes in the western US, and that fire-prone weather conditions are becoming much more common outside of the usual summer fire season under climate change. Hence it should be no surprise that historically unprecedented wildfires are now occurring in winter."
当地时间11日,美国加州山火持续,消防直升机进行灭火
英国生态水文中心科学家玛丽亚·露西娅·费雷拉·巴尔博萨认为,洛杉矶的火灾显示了极端天气将如何增加火灾风险。2024年厄尔尼诺现象带来的大雨很可能促进了植被的生长,而植被此后在长期干旱中枯萎,再加上强风,为野火蔓延创造了条件。
Dr Maria Lucia Ferreira Barbosa, wildfire scientist, UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology (UKCEH), said: "The fires in Los Angeles are a stark reminder of how extreme weather increases fire risk. It is likely that heavy rains from El Nino last year fuelled vegetation growth, which has since dried out during the recent prolonged dry spell and, along with strong winds, creating perfect conditions for wildfires to spread."
欧盟气候监测机构哥白尼气候变化服务局10日发布新闻公报说,2024年成为自1850年有相关记录以来最热的年份。全球平均气温呈上升趋势,极端天气事件的频率和强度将持续加剧,高温会直接导致热浪、干旱和山火等灾害,并还会通过改变大气中的水汽含量引发更多极端降水事件。
编辑:黎霈融
实习生: 孟昱
来源:新华社 美联社 纽约时报 NBC BBC 洛杉矶时报 East Anglia Bylines Science Mdeia Centre
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